TERJEMAHAN RINGKAS - (ala kadar)

Rencana di bawah ini lebih bersifat fakta berangka, jadi diterjemahkan yang penting atau perlu sahaja.

Bekalan rizab minyak Malaysia kini tinggal 3.9 bilion tong. Pada tahun 1996, kita mempunyai rezab sebanyak 4.3 billion tong. Ini bermakna jumlahnya sudah menyusut (dan telaga baru juga tidak ditemui.) Namun demikian pengeluaran minyak mentah negara agak stabil antara 690,000 tong hingga 730,000 tong sehari. Kadar ini mencapai purata 720,000 tong ketika tahun krisis kewangan 1999.

Disebabkan rizab minyak negara yang semakin menurun, Petronas memulakan ekspedisi antarabangsa dan strategi mencarigali diluar negara. Kini Petronas sudah melabur dalam industri carigali dan pengeluaran minyak di Syria, Turkmenistan, Iran, Pakistan, China, Vietnam, Burma, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Sudan, dan Angola. Pada Tahun 1999, kebanyakkan ekspot minyak Malaysia dipasarkan ke Jepun, Thailand, Korea Selatan dan Singapura.

Kebanyakkan minyak keluaran negara berkualti tinggi kerana kandungan sulfurnya yang rendah. Lebih separuh dari minyak negara datang dari loji Tapis. Esso Production Malaysia Inc (EPMI), satu rakan kongsi syarikat ExxonMobil Corp., adalah pengeluar minyak mentah terbesar di Malaysia kerana memproses hampir 50% minyak Malaysia. EPMI beroperasi di tujuh pelantar di semenanjung dan satu pertiga dari keluaran mereka datang dari pelantar Seligi, yang terletak 165 batu dari pantai Terengganu.

EPMI memegang 78% kepentingan manakala Petronas Carigali pula memegang 22% yang selebihnya di Seligi. Di pelantar Raya-A pula Esso melabur 96 juta dalam 6 telaga, dengan memegang 80% kepentingan manakala Petronas 20%.

DI Sabah, Syarikat Shell Petroleum menguasai kepentingan. Sehll memegang 80% kepentingan dan Petronas 20%. Beberapa siri perjanjian ekpedisi carigali ditanda tangani antara Shell dan Petronas. pada Feb 1998.

GAS ASLI

Pengeluaran gas asli kelihatan meningkat setiap tahun. Ekspot mencanak kembali selepas lembap sedikit pada musim krisis 1998.

Salah satu kawasan aktif mencarigali gas ini ialah di perairan Malaysia-Thailand. Petronas dan Trition Energy berkongsi 50:50 untuk membina paip gas dari JDA (Joint Development Area) ke kilang pemprosesan di Songkla pada Nov 1999. Pada Dec 97 lalu, MTJA bersetuju untuk berkongsi hasil gas Cakerawala,

Malaysia menyumbang 18% dari ekspot LNG dunia pada 1998.

Lain-lain tidak diterjemah.

Cuba fikir mengapa Kelantan tidak diberi royalti dengan penemuan Gas Asli disempadan Malaysia Thai? Mengapa tidak dibina kilangnya di Kelantan? Siapakah yang menipu kali ini? Perhatikan tarikh perjanjian tersebut. (PAS menerajui Kelantan kembali sejak 1990)

Sumber: http://www.eia.doe.gov

United States Energy Information Administration

Malaysia Energy Report (part of May 2000 report)

Malaysia is important to world energy markets because of its 81.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves and its net oil exports of over 300,000 barrels per day. Note: All information contained in this report is the best available as of May 2000 and is subject to change.

OIL

Malaysia contains proven oil reserves of 3.9 billion barrels, down from 4.3 billion barrels in 1996. Despite this trend toward declining oil reserves (due to lack of significant new discoveries in recent years), Malaysia's crude oil production has been stable in recent years, fluctuating in the range between 690,000 barrels per day (bbl/d) and 730,000 bbl/d between 1996 and early 2000. In 1999, crude oil production averaged 720,000 bbl/d. After a pause during the Asian financial crisis, Malaysia's domestic petroleum product consumption is again growing.

As a result of declining oil reserves, Petronas, the state oil and gas company, has embarked on an international exploration and production strategy. Currently, Petronas is invested in oil exploration and production projects in Syria, Turkmenistan, Iran, Pakistan, China, Vietnam, Burma, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Sudan, and Angola. In 1999, Malaysia exported the majority of its oil to markets in Japan, Thailand, South Korea, and Singapore.

Malaysia's domestic oil production occurs offshore and primarily near Peninsular Malaysia. Most of the country's oil fields contain low sulfur, high quality crude, with gravities in the 35o-50o API range. Over half of the country's oil production comes from the Tapis field, which contains 44o API oil with 0.2% sulfur content. Esso Production Malaysia Inc. (EPMI), an affiliate of ExxonMobil Corporation, is the largest crude oil producer in Peninsular Malaysia, accounting for nearly half of Malaysia's crude oil production. EPMI operates seven fields near the peninsula, and one-third of its production comes from the Seligi field. The Seligi-F platform, with its 28 wells, is the newest satellite in the Seligi field, located 165 miles off the coast of Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia. Built at a cost of $155 million, Seligi-F is the seventh production platform on the Seligi field. The platform came on stream in March 1998 and is expected to produce an annual average of 21,000 bbl/d. EPMI holds a 78% interest in the project with Petronas Carigali holding the remaining 22%. In addition, EPMI began drilling the nearby Raya-A platform in the second quarter 1998. EPMI has invested $96 million in six wells, and holds an 80% interest with Petronas Carigali holding the remaining 20%.

In other developments, Sabah Shell Petroleum Company, a unit of Royal Dutch/Shell Group, raised production at the Kinabalu field to 36,000 bbl/d, as well as 28 million cubic feet per day (Mmcf/d) of gas. Production at Kinabalu, located in the SB-1 block 34 miles off the coast of Labuan, Sabah in east Malaysia, began in December 1997. Peak production is expected to reach 40,000 bbl/d of oil and 30 Mmcf/d of gas. As operator of the SB-1 block, Shell holds an 80% stake in the block, with Petronas holding a 20% stake. In February 1998, Amerada Hess signed two, five-year production sharing contracts (PSCs) with Petronas for blocks PM304 and SK306. The PSCs commit Amerada to $24.9 million of exploration activities on the two blocks. Amerada drilled five exploratory wells in 1999 following a series of 2-D and 3-D seismic studies. Under the PSCs, Amerada holds a 70% stake in PM304, offshore Terengganu, and an 80% stake in SK 306, offshore Sarawak, with Petronas holding the remaining interests in both blocks.

In February 2000, Sweden's Lundin Oil announced that it had signed a sales agreement with Petronas and PetroVietnam which will allow it to proceed with development of its long-delayed Bunga Kekwa project. Production is scheduled to begin in 2003, with an expected volume of 40,000 bbl/d of liquids and 250 Mmcf/d of gas. Lundin Oil is the operator of the field, and Petronas and Petrovietnam hold equity stakes in the project.

Refining & Downstream

Malaysia has six refineries with a total processing capacity of 524,400 bbl/d. The three largest are the 155,000 bbl/d Shell Port d##kson refinery and thePetronas Melaka-I and 100,000 bbl/d Melaka-II refineries, which each have a capacity of 100,000 bbl/d.

The second phase of the $1.4-billion, 200,000-bbl/d Melaka refinery complex, located about 90 miles south of Kuala Lumpur, commenced operation in August 1998. The 100,000-bbl/d Melaka-II second phase is a joint venture between Petronas (45%), Conoco (40%), and Statoil (15%). This second refinery contains a 62,000-bbl/d vacuum distillation unit, 26,000-bbl/d catalytic cracker, 28,500-bbl/d hydrocracker, 35,000-bbl/d desulfurization unit, and 21,000-bbl/d coker. One of the main purposes of this refinery is to supply gasoline to Conoco's service stations in Thailand and a new line of stations planned for Malaysia. The first phase of the Melaka refinery was finished in mid-1994 and consisted of a 100,000 bbl/d sweet crude distillation unit, which is wholly-owned by Petronas and processes Tapis crude oil.

Petronas, in a joint venture with Conoco and Statoil began construction of a 7,500 bbl/d lubricants plant at Melaka in 1998. Petronas and its partners began construction on the $250 million plant in March 1998, and it is scheduled to come on line in 2002.

In other downstream activities, Petronas signed a joint venture agreement with Union Carbide Company, in April 1998, to build a petrochemical complex in Kertih on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Construction of the complex is estimated to cost $3-$4 billion and to involve three separate projects. The centerpiece of the joint venture is an olefins cracker unit with an annual production capacity of 600,000 metric tons of ethylene and 85,000 metric tons of propylene. Petronas will hold a 76% stake and Union Carbide will hold a 24% stake in this unit, which is expected to be complete by the first quarter 2001. Both companies will hold equal shares in the ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol plant with an annual capacity of 320,000 metric tons and the multi-unit derivatives plant. The derivatives plant will produce amines and ethyloxates, glycol ethers, butyl acetate, and butanol.

NATURAL GAS

Malaysia contains 81.7 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves. Natural gas production has been rising steadily in recent years, reaching 1.44 Tcf in 1998, up from 1.36 Tcf in 1997. Natural gas consumption in 1998 was estimated at 0.70 Tcf, with LNG exports of 0.72 Tcf (mostly to Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan). Exports dipped slightly in 1998 as a result of the Asian financial crisis, but began to climb again in 1999.

One of the most active areas in Malaysia for gas exploration and development is the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (JDA), located in the lower part of the Gulf of Thailand and governed by the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority (MTJA). The MTJA was established by the two governments for joint exploration of the once-disputed JDA. The JDA covers blocks A-18 and B-17 to C-19. A 50:50 partnership between Petronas and Triton Energy Ltd. is developing block A-18, while the Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) and Petronas also share equal interests in the remaining blocks. PTT and Petronas announced an agreement in November 1999 to proceed with development of a gas pipeline from the JDA to a processing plant in Songkla, Thailand, and a pipeline linking the Thai and Malaysian gas grids. Malaysia and Thailand will each take half of the gas produced. The agreement had been delayed two years by uncertainty over demand growth related to the Asian financial crisis. Production from the JDA is to begin in 2002.

Block A-18 is operated by the Carigali-Triton Operating Company (CTOC), a joint venture project between Triton and Petronas. In December 1997, the MTJA approved a development plan for CTOC's Cakerawala gas field, which will be the first JDA field to come on line. In November 1999, CTOC signed a gas sale agreement with Petronas and PTT, which will allow it to proceed with development. Gas production of 390 Mmcf/d will begin in mid-2002.

Malaysia accounted for approximately 18% of total world LNG exports in 1998. After a brief downturn related to the Asian financial crisis, demand for LNG is rising again. After much delay, Malaysia is proceeding with a long-planned expansion of its Bintulu LNG complex in Sarawak. In February 2000, Petronas signed a contract with a consortium headed by Kellogg Brown and Root for construction of the MLNG Tiga facility, with two LNG liquefaction trains and a total capacity of 7.6 million metric tons (370 Bcf) per year. The Bintulu facility as a whole will then be the largest LNG liquefaction center in the world, with a total capacity of 23 million metric tons per year (1.1 Tcf).

Apart from its existing customers, Petronas will be selling some of the gas from MLNG Tiga to Enron's Metgas project in India. Malaysia also has sold some spot LNG cargoes to Coral Energy of the United States.

ELECTRICITY

Malaysia currently has approximately 14 gigawatts (GW) of electric generation capacity. In 1998, Malaysia generated around 57.4 billion kilowatthours of electricity. In addition, the following power projects are scheduled to be commissioned after 2000: Yan Power Plant (1,200 MW), Lumut Power Plant (2,100 MW), Perlis Power Plant (650 MW), and Kulim Power Plant (450 MW).

In 1994, the government granted approval for the massive 2.4-GW Bakun hydroelectric project in Sarawak. Scheduled for completion in 2002, the Bakun Dam had been slated to send 70% of its generated power from Sarawak to Kuala Lumpur through the construction of 415 miles of overhead lines in eastern Malaysia, 400 miles of submarine cables, and 285 miles of distribution infrastructure in Peninsular Malaysia. In addition, expansion plans included a high voltage line south to Johor Baharu and north to Perlis, near the western Thai border. A local company, Ekran, was awarded a turnkey contract to manage the project in January 1995. In 1996, the construction contract went to Sweden's Asea Brown Boveri (ABB). However, in early September 1997, the Malaysian government announced that it was delaying the project indefinitely, citing an unexpected rise in the dam's cost due to the country's economic difficulties.

In mid-1999 work resumed on the river diversion tunnels, a major component of the project, which will be completed by the end of 2000. The Malaysian government has taken control of the project and negotiated financial settlements with the firms involved. The subsea transmission line concept has been abandoned, and the Malaysian government is exploring the possibility of sales of electricity to Brunei and Indonesia. It is certain that the project will be scaled down from its original 2.4-GW capacity, but to what extent is still unclear.

Malaysia is considering reforms to its power sector to make it more competitive and lower costs. Currently, three state-owned utilities dominate power generation and distribution in Malaysia. The market was opened to independent power producers (IPPs) in 1994, and 15 IPPs were licensed. While initial rates of return on capital were good for the IPPs, the Asian financial crisis came as a major blow to IPPs profits.

In recent developments, Tenaga Nasional Bhd, one of the state utilities, began in 1999 to divest some some of its power generation units. Eventually, Malaysia expects to achieve a fully competitive power market, with generation, transmission, and distribution decoupled, but reform is still at an early stage and the exact process of the transition to a competitive market has not been decided.

Sources for this report include: Dow Jones Newswire service; Economist Intelligence Unit ViewsWire; Oil and Gas Journal; Petroleum Economist; New Straits Times; U.S. Department of State, Country Commercial Guides; U.S. Energy Information Administration; WEFA Asia Economic Outlook.

COUNTRY OVERVIEW