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Fwd: Konflik Yg Membekam di Laut Cina Selatan (terjemahan) By Marhain Tua 22/8/2000 1:19 am Tue |
FOKUS KHAS: Semua peristiwa ini menunjukkan betapa bergolaknya arus politik di rantau
ini yang selama tiga puluh tahun memang merupakan medan pertandingan dan
konflik. Beberapa terumbu karang, kepulauan, dan terusan di wilayah Lautan
China Selatan itu telah dituntut oleh Brunei, China, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Fillipina, Taiwan dan juga Vietnam. Kaedah penyelesaian dan juga tuntutan
yang bertindih-tindh telah meminggirkan kemungkinan berlakunya penyelesaian
yang sekaligus mencetuskan penghalang yang mampu memanjangkan persinggitan
ini untuk terus membara. Beberapa faktor memungkinkan kemungkinanan masalah ini dapat diselesaikan
tanpa pertumbahan darah. Pertama, Perbalahan di Lautan China Selaan ini
berpusat kepada satu kawasan maritim yang begitu jauh jaraknya daripada
pusat pemerintahan kuasa. Tuntutan yang bertindih tidak akan mendesak
penubuhan sebarang kerajaan di situ. Kedua, Setiap pihak yang membuat tuntutan itu mempunyai rancangan yang
pelbagai dalam tuntutan mereka. Besar kemungkinannya kehendak asas setiap
pihak yang menuntut itu dapat dipuaskan dan diterima pakai. China lebih
mementingkan kedaulatannya. Tentu sekali hasil bumi yang terdapat di
kawawasan yang dituntut itu merupakan sesuatu yang dipentingkan. Tetapi
Beijing mungkin mudah bersedia berkongsi hasil bumi itu sebagai ganjaran
bahawa perairan dan kepulaun berkenaan adalh hak China. Negara Asia
Tenggara pula lebih berminat kepada potensi minyak dan gas asli dan khasil
maritim dalam wilayah berkenaan. Kuasa luar seperti Jepun, Australia dan
juga Amerika Syarikat tentu mahu mengekalkan kebebasan pergerakan
navigation di seluruh kawasan yang strategik itu.
KONFLIK YANG lembab kehebatannya Received from Joyo Indonesian News Foreign Policy Research Institute [US]
August 16, 2000 SLOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA
by Andrew Scobell This essay is based on remarks by Prof. Scobell at the 2nd Annual
Conference of FPRI's Asia Program on "Flashpoints in East Asia," held on
May 12. Keynoted by former Deputy Undersecretary of Defense Dov Zakheim,
the conference focused on three "hot spots" -- the Taiwan Strait, the
Korean Peninsula, and the South China Sea. For a copy of the conference
report and other related documents, contact fpri@fpri.org or call
215-732-3774, ext. 201. Andrew Scobell is a#sociate Research Professor of National Security
Affairs at the Strategic Studies Institute of the U.S. Army War College.
His research focuses on the Asia- Pacific region. The views expressed in
this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the
official policy or position of the Army, Department of Defense or the U.S.
Government. SLOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA
by Andrew Scobell In May 2000, Philippines president Joseph Estrada visited Beijing and
signed five accords to ease tensions over disputed islands in the South
China Sea. It is surely encouraging to see two countries that have
sparred in recent years take steps to resolve their differences
peacefully. At the same time, however, skeptics will suggest another
motive behind the agreements: In March, India and Vietnam signed
agreements that included Indian a#sistance in rebuilding Vietnam's navy,
and soon afterward the Indian press also reported that Indian naval
vessels would conduct exercises in the South China Sea later this year.
Taken together, these developments point up the elaborate political
currents flowing through an area that for thirty years has been a locus of
competition and conflict. Various reefs, islands, and waterways in the
South China Sea are claimed by Brunei, China, Malaysia, Indonesia, the
Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. The diffuse and overlapping claims
simultaneously hold out the possibility for a negotiated settlement and
create obstacles that could ensure that disputes continue to simmer.
REASONS FOR OPTIMISM A number of factors enhance the potential to resolve tensions bloodlessly
in the South China Sea. First, the South China Sea disputes center around
a maritime zone considerably removed from the political centers of power.
Rival claims do not threaten the existence of any state or government.
Second, the numerous claims tend to reduce the likelihood that a stalemate
between any two countries could impede overall progress in multilateral
negotiations. Given the states claiming sovereignty, the ten-member
a#sociation of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one obvious mechanism to
utilize in seeking a lasting and broad solution.
Third, because the various parties involved have different motivations for
their claims, it is possible that the primary requirements of each of them
can be accommodated. China is primarily concerned about sovereignty.
Certainly the natural resources of the South China Sea are of considerable
interest, but Beijing may be amenable to sharing resources in exchange for
formal acknowledgement that the islands and waters are China's. Southeast
Asian states seem primarily interested in the potential oil and natural
gas reserves and the vast fisheries of the region. Outside powers such as
Japan, Australia, and the United States seek to preserve freedom of
navigation through a strategic waterway.
REASONS FOR PESSIMISM There are also, however, several considerable obstacles to a negotiated
solution. China's behavior and intentions will be most important in this
regard because China is one of the most likely belligerents in any
conflict. Not only does China lay claim to the greatest area of any of
the countries involved, but it also has demonstrated, in flare-ups with
Vietnam and the Philippines, that it is willing to pursue its claims
militarily. In recent years China has sparred with the Philippines over disputed
islands in and around the Spratly chain. While there have been no pitched
sea battles, China has gradually extended its reach in the South China Sea
through increased air and sea patrols, and larger and more permanent
outposts on reefs and islands. Chinese fishing fleets have also become
more active, and Beijing has granted permission to foreign companies to
explore for oil. In the 1970s and 1980s the main belligerents were Vietnam and China. In
1974 China took advantage of the disintegration of the regime in South
Vietnam to seize the Paracel Islands in a minor naval engagement. Fourteen
years later Chinese naval forces battled Vietnamese gunboats and captured
several islands in the Spratlys. In addition to the possibility of renewed clashes with Vietnam or the
Philippines, another possible scenario involves a clash between China and
Taiwan, which occupies one island in the Spratlys and another several
hundred miles to the north. Seizing them would offer China a way to
ratchet up pressure on Taiwan with a military operation that does not risk
failure and has virtually zero danger of escalation. Taiwan would likely
be able to offer only token defense, having recently trimmed the naval
garrisons on both islands and shifted control of the islands from Taipei's
Ministry of National Defense to theCoast Guard Administration.
SLOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT China is clearly the most ambitious and a#sertive claimant to maritime
territory in the South China Sea. While it has refrained from launching an
all-out military operation to expel the forces of other states, it has
engaged in what might be called "Slow Intensity Conflict." Unlike low
intensity conflict, slow intensity conflict entails the possibility of
conventional warfighting between the regular armed forces of different
states, primarily small units battling in minor and infrequent skirmishes.
In addition, slow intensity conflict may involve the use of diplomatic and
economic pressure and propaganda. Escalation of such a conflict tends to
be slow and incremental, thereby impeding the efforts of any other party
to focus international attention on a suspected violation and coordinate a
response with neighbors. None of the parties laying claim to territory in the South China Sea --
including China -- has any interest in seeing a full-scale war break out.
But China has clearly understood the advantages of slow intensity
conflict. Although Beijing claims to seek negotiated solutions to the
disputes and advocates joint exploitation of the region's natural
resources, its record of actions belies its cooperative rhetoric. It
appears to be attempting to lull the other claimants into believing that
no conflict exists. Moreover, given the inherent difficulties with
command, control, and communications in this remote area, China can expect
its activities to attract little response from its opponents.
The countries of Southeast Asia and the major powers in the Asia-Pacific
region should carefully monitor the actions of China to ensure that they
remain consistent with the agreements recently signed in Beijing. At the
same time, while such bilateral accords are a positive step, they are
unlikely to prove an adequate substitute for a multilateral settlement.
Talks between ASEAN and China on devising a regional code of conduct
acceptable to all parties should continue. The incremental expansion of
China's claims and capabilities in the South China Sea has not brought
tensions there to the level of crisis, but the absence of crisis does not
mean that other states' interests are secure.
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TAPOL, the Indonesia Human Rights Campaign
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